ISRO : The sky's the limit 👍

ISRO made a world record by launching 104 satellite in one go and set a trademark to the whole world.

• Till now Russia held the record of launching 37 satellites in a single mission, in 2014.

• The NASA of the U.S. launched 29 satellites in one go in 2013.

• Last June, ISRO had come close to NASA’s record by launching 20 satellites in one mission.

• But ISRO views the launch not as a mission to set a world record but as an opportunity to make full use of the capacity of the launch vehicle.

• ISRO send these satellite in their orbit by launching all satellite at different angle and speed but constant time span.Its seems like a water coming out from whole tiny hole with high pressure like fountain and droplets of water separate from main stream of fountain.

• The PSLV- C37 mission will also provide a test bed for new technologies, in handling multiple payloads.

• The primary payload on PSLV-C37 is the Indian advanced remote sensing satellite, CartoSat-2 weighing 714 kg. Apart from two Indian nano satellites INS-1A and INS-1B.

• The remaining satellites were from the U.S.(96 satellite) and one satellite from rest of countries the Netherlands, Switzerland, Israel, Kazakhstan and the UAE.

• PSLV-C37 will carry a total payload of 1,400 kg, with Cartosat- 2 weighing the most. 

Note -1: 

It was a technology demonstrator for a new class of satellites called ISRO nano satellites (INS)

The main objective of the INS, is to provide a platform on which payloads up to 5 kg from universities and R&D laboratories, and ISRO itself can be easily integrated for carrying out scientific research activities

Note -2: 

It's PSLV 39 flights with almost success of 38 only French ariane can match PSLV. Cartosat- is used for taking surface picture.

ISRO Launch Vehicle:

ISRO uses two types of vehicle to launch satellite according to their weight and distance cover.

1.PSLV: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle

2.GSLV: Geo Satellite Launch Vehicle

PSLV:- it has 4 chamber engine having solid and liquid fuel as methyl hydrazine and polymer respectively which can carry lighter object and for lower height.

ex: where it had been used - mangalyan, chandrayan, kalpana-1, PSLV-C37. 

** ISRO manufacture and operate all PSLV.

GSLV:- it has 3 chamber engine having solid ,liquid and cryogenic fuel respectively. Solid and liquid fuel are same as in PSLV but in cryogenic liquid hydrogen + liquid oxygen is use. 

Russia gave 7 GSLV but not technology so ISRO force to manufacture it's own GSLV MK2 and GSLV MK3.ISRO recently launch GSLV MK3 successfully. 

Note: 

Booster or Strap on is used to provide some extra trust to these vehicles.

We will discuss about ISRO today's success in next session.

Union Budget - 2017-18 highlights

Indian Finance Minister Arun Jaitley today

(1st February 2017) has presented the Union Budget for         the year 2017-18. This is his fourth annual budget and the first budget after demonetization. The Union Budget 2017 was broadly focused on 10 broad themes. They are — Farmers, Rural Population, Youth, Poor and Health Care for the Underprivileged; Infrastructure; Financial Sector for Stronger Institutions; Speedy Accountability; Public Services; Prudent Fiscal Management; Tax Administration for the honest. Following are the highlights of Union Finance Minister Arun Jaitley's Budget speech.

Union Budget - 2017 : Points to be noted :

On demonetisation
• Demonetisation is expected to have a transient impact on economy.
• The effects of demonetisation are not expected to spill over next year.
• Demonetisation a bold and decisive measure and will lead to higher GDP growth.
• The effects of demonetisation will not spillover to the next fiscal.

Agriculture
• Sowing farmers should feel secure against natural calamities.
• Rs. 10 lakh crore as credit to farmers with 60 days interest waiver says FM
• NABARD fund to be increased to Rs. 40,000 crore
• Govt will set up mini lab in Krishi Vigyan Kendras for soiling:
• A dedicated micro irrigation fund will be set up for NABARD with Rs 5,000 cr initial corpus
• Irrigation corpus increased from Rs 20,000 crores to Rs 40,000
• Dairy processing infrastructure fund with be created initially with a corpus of Rs. 2000 cr
• Issuance of Soil cards has gained momentum
• A model law on contract farming will be prepared and shared with States.

Rural sector
• Government targets to bring 1 crore households out of poverty by 2019
• During 2017-18, 5 lakh farm ponds to be taken up under MGNREGA
• Over Rs 3 lakh cr spend for rural India. MGNREGA to double farmers income
• Participation of women in mgnrega up to 55%
• During 2017-18, 5 lakh farm ponds to be taken up under MGNREGA
• Using space tech in a big way to plan MGNREGA works
• We propose to complete 1 crore houses for those without homes
• Allocating Rs. 19,000 cr for Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana in 2017-18
• We are well on our way of achieving 100% rural electrification by March 2018.
• Sanitation coverage has gone up from 42% in Oct 13 to 60% now.
• Sanitation coverage in rural areas gone up from 42% in Oct 2014 to 60% now.

For youth
• A system of measuring annual learning outcomes, innovation fund for secondary education.
• There will be a focus on 3,479 educationally-backward blocks
• Colleges will be identified based on accreditation
• Skill India mission to maximise potential. 100 India International centres across    country.
• Courses on foreign languages to be introduced.
• Steps to create 5000 PG seats per annum.

For the poor; health care
• Mahila Shakthi Kendras - Rs. 500 cr allocated.
• Nationwide scheme for pregnant women - Rs. 6000 each will be transferred.
• For women and Kids - Rs. 1,84,632 cr. allocation investment
• Affordable housing to be given infrastructure status.
• Surplus liquidity - banks have already started reducing lending rates for housing
• Elimination of tuberculosis by 2025 targeted.
• 1.5 lakh health sub centres to be transformed into health wellness centre.
• Two new AIIMS in Jharkhand and Gujarat.
• Structural transformation of regulator framework for medical education in India
• Allocation for Scheduled Caste - Rs. 52,393 crore
• Aadhaar-based smartcards for senior citizens to monitor health.

Infrastructure; railways
• A total allocation of Rs. 39,61,354 crore
• Total allocation for Railways — Rs. 1,31,000 crore
• No Service charge while booking tickets with IRCTC
• Raksha coach with a corpus of Rs. 1 lakh cr fore five years (for passenger safety)
• Unmanned level crossings eliminated by 2020
• 3,500 km of railway lines to be commissioned this year up from 2,800 km last year.
• SMS based clean my coach service started
• Coach mitra facility - to register all coach related complaints
• 2019 - bio toilets for all trains
• 500 stations to be made differently-abled friendly
• Railways to partner with logistics players for front end and back end solutions for select commodities.
• Railways will offer competitive ticket booking facility
• 2,000 km for coastal connectivity of roads -
• Rs. 64,000 crore allocation for highways.
• Allocation of high speed Internet 1,50,000 gram panchayats
• New Metro rail policy to be announced with new modes of financing.

Energy sector
• A strategic policy for crude reserves will be set up
• Rs. 1.26,000 cr for energy production-based investments received
• Trade infra export scheme will be launched 2017-18.

Financial sector
• FDI policy reforms - more than 90% of FDI inflows are now automated.
• Shares of Railway PSE like IRCTC would be listed on stock exchanges.
• Bill on resolution of financial firms to be introduced in this session of parliament.
• Decided to abolish FIPB in 2017-18.
• Foreign Investment Promotion Board to be abolished.
• Revised mechanism to ensure time bound listing of CPSEs
• Computer emergency response team for financial sector to be formed.
• Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana lending target at Rs 2.44 lakh crore for 2017-18
• Digital India - Bhim app - two new schemes to promote the app.
• Two new schemes for BHIM App - referral bonus for users and cash back for traders: FM.
• Negotiable Instruments Act might be amended.
• DBT to LPG consumers , Chandigarh is kerosene free, 84 govt schemes are on the DBT platform.
• Head post office as the central office for rendering passport services
• Easy online booking system for Army, defence personnel
• For big-time offences - including economic offenders fleeing India, the govt. will introduce a legislative change or new law to confiscate the assets of these people within the country.

Fiscal situation
• Total expenditure - Rs. 21, 47,000 crore
• Abolition on plan, non-plan expenditure, focus on capital expenditure ( Capital expenditure will be 25.4 per cent) Rs.3,000 crore under Dept of Economic Affairs for implementing Budget announcements.
• Defence expenditure, excluding pension, at Rs 2,74,114 crore
• Expenditure in science and technology — Rs. 37,435 crore
• Total resources transferred to States and UTs is Rs 4.11 lakh crore
• Recommended 3% fiscal deficit for three years with deviation of 0.5% of GDP.
• Revenue deficit - 1.9 %
• Pegged fiscal deficit of 2017-18 at 3.2% of GDP and remain committed to achieving 3% in the next year.

On funding of political parties
• Maximum amount of cash donation for political parties will be Rs 2,000 from any one source from Rs 20,000
• Political parties will be entitled to receive donations by cheque or digital mode from donors.
• Amendment is being proposed to RBI Act to enable issuance of electoral bonds that government will scheme. Donor can purchase these bonds from banks or post office via cheque or digital transactions. They can be redeemed only by registered political parties.

Tax proposals
• India’s tax to GDP ratio is not favourable.
• Out of 13.14 lakh registered companies, only 5.97 lakh companies have filed returns for 2016-17.
• Proportion of direct tax to indirect tax is not optimal.
• 1.95 crore individuals showed income between Rs 2.5 lakh to Rs 5 lakh.
• Out of 76 lakh individual assessees declaring income more than Rs 5 lakh, 56 lakh are salaried.
• Only 1.72 lakh people showed income of more than Rs 50 lakh a year.
• Between Nov 8 to Dec 30: Deposits between Rs 2 lakh and Rs 80 lakh was made in 1.09 crore accounts.
• Net tax revenue of 2013-14 was Rs 11.38 lakh crore.
• Out of 76 lakh individual assessees declaring income more than Rs 5 lakh, 56 lakh are salaried.
• 1.95 crore individuals showed income between Rs 2.5 lakh to Rs 5 lakh.
• Rate of growth of advance tax in Personal I-T is 34.8% in last three quarters of this financial year.
• Holding period for long term capital gain lowered to 2 years
• Propose to have carry-forward of MAT for 15 years.
• Capital gains tax to be exempted for persons holding land from which land was pooled for creation of state capital of Telangana.
• Corporate tax: In order to make MSME companies more viable, propose to reduce tax for small companies of turnover of up to Rs 50 crore to 25%. About 67 lakh companies fall in this category. 96% of companies to get this benefit.
• Propose to reduce basic customs duty for LNG to 2.5% from 5%
• SIT on black money suggested no cash transactions of more than Rs 3 lakh. Govt has accepted this proposal.
• Income Tax Act to be amended. No transaction above Rs 3 lakh to be permitted in cash.
• Limit of cash donation by charitable trust reduced to Rs 2,000 from Rs 10,000.
• Net revenue loss in direct tax could be Rs. 20,000 crore.

Personal Income Tax
• Existing rate of tax for individuals between Rs. 2.5- Rs 5 lakh reduced to 5% from 10%
• All other categories of tax payers in subsequent brackets will get benefit of Rs 12,500.
• Simple one page return for people with annual income of Rs. 5 lakh other than business income.
• People filing I-T returns for the first time will not come under govt. scrutiny.
• 10% surcharge on individual income above Rs. 50 lakh and up to Rs 1 crore to make up for Rs 15,000 crore loss due to cut in personal I-T rate. 15 surcharge on individual income above Rs. 1 crore to remain.

Vanadium dioxide

Metal that conducts electricity but not heat found:

Electrons in vanadium dioxide can conduct electricity without conducting heat.

Which may pave the way for systems that convert waste heat from engines and appliances into electric power.

It could lead to a wide range of applications, such as thermoelectric systems that convert waste heat from engines and appliances into electricity.

Wiedemann-Franz Law: For most metals, the relationship between electrical and thermal conductivity is governed by this law:

The law states that good conductors of electricity are also good conductors of heat. But that is not the case for metallic vanadium dioxide.

Vanadium dioxide is already noted for its unusual ability to switch from an insulator to a metal when it reaches 67 degrees Celsius.

Not done yet :

So ESE 2017-Pre ( obviously a new word has been introduced by killer institute UPSE ) is over.

Some of you have done well at this stage and most of you have failed to your expectations ( same could be concluded for SSC-JE ☺). But the under covered fact is, that none of you know the final result, if you have done well don't be over confident bcz enemy power is still unknown 😉, so just continue your hard work✍ to clear next two hurdle 👍.
Now coming to mass people who are destined to overcome the mistake they have committed in this exam.
Which is possible only if you ( if you are one among them ) have trust in these Power Points:

1- There is nothing like permanent in this universe ( will fight next time 💪 ).
2- There is definitely a better one ( Har Sher ka Sava Sher hota hi hai🐯 ).
3- It was not the end of world ( Duniya rukati nai bhai shahb )
4- There are plenty of fish in the water, if not this one, choose other one ( be wise ).
5- Accept your fault and learn from them. ( Imandaar bano dost 😉 )
6- Reorder yourself.
7- Have patient & consistency ☺.
8- Have confidence in yourself.
9- Be single goal oriented ( most important ☺ ).
10- God have plan for every one and is with everyone 👍.

Objective question practice session :✍✍

So, you wanted it, we planned it and soon we are going to start it ☺.

Definitely practice and consistency are the two key to be successful in any field💪. keeping this in mind and observing the upcoming exams we have started to compile the best questions (subject wise) and it is being scheduled to be published as soon as possible.

On our side we will try our best to make  perfect sets of questions and from your side we are expecting the same level of hard work. Here we would like to tell that-

1- Don't try to substitute it with your books, it's just a supplementary material.
2- Go thoroughly through your books.
3- Solve solved and unsolved questions as much as possible.
4- Then try to solve questions posted on Linkupdots.
5- On day one you will get question set and on next day solution.

Linkupdots questions will be most likely to be the expected one in SSC-JE & SES-AE/JE exams and will help you to brush up your basic concepts.
So get ready to test your self 👍.

UNFCCC

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) created because of the Rio Summit/ Earth Summit of 1992.
It is an international treaty for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Now nearly every country on Earth is a party to the UNFCCC with few major exception like USA, Canada.

*So what was Rio Summit/ Earth Summit -
It was a United nations summit, held in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in 1992.
It led to creation of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

The nations, who’ve signed UNFCCC convention, meet every year to discuss climate change strategy.
These meetings are called Conference of the Parties (COP)

Some notable COP :
COP 1 - held in Berlin ( Berlin Roadmap ).
COP 3 - held in Kyoto, Japan ( Kyoto Protocol ).
COP 7 - Marrakech, Morocco ( Marrakech accord ).
COP 8 - Delhi.
COP 13 - Bali, Indonesia ( Bali action plan ).
              -  Adopted REDD+
COP 17 - Durban, S.Africa in 2011.
COP 18 - Doha, Qatar in 2012.
              - Extended Kyoto Protocol for phase 2.
COP 19 - Warsaw, Poland
              - Warsaw international mechanism on loss and damage.
COP 21 - Paris
               - Paris Agreement.

RLV-TD

Reusable Launch Vehicle-Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD)

India’s first winged body aerospace vehicle, called the Reusable Launch Vehicle-Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD) was successfully launched from ISRO’s first launch

pad in Sriharikota 80 km off Chennai on the east coast at 7.00 am on Monday. The RLV-TD shuttle shaped like an aircraft was launched aboard the HS9 a seven-meter rocket with a booster, weighing 17 tons with nine tons of solid propellants. The rocket and shuttle made a successful flight of 91.1seconds and the burnout of HS9 followed.

The development of reusable launch vehicle has opened new gateways in conducting space experiments using conventional rockets. One major significance of reusable vehicle is its cost effectiveness. The new vehicle has the potential to cut down the actual cost of launching the rocket by ten times.

With the launch of reusable launch vehicle India has demonstrated the world that what India is capable of. Even though the launch vehicle is just a prototype, there is lot to be done in developing a fully fledged space shuttle.

In this flight, critical technologies such as autonomous navigation, guidance & control, reusable thermal protection system and re-entry mission management have been successfully validated.

With this successful mission India has joined the elite club of space-faring nations. The other countries are the USA, Russia and Japan, that developed and used RLVs for their space missions. This mission has enabled ISRO to successfully collect data and validate such critical technologies and systems as hypersonic speed, autonomous navigation, guidance and control, reusable thermal protection system, powered cruise flight using air-breathing propulsion and re-entry mission management. According to experts, the reusable vehicle technology will reduce the costs of launches in the future by 80% percent.